---
title: "Article 4(1)(11): Strategies to Argue Non-Similarity in Japan"
description: Effective strategies for overcoming Article 4(1)(11) prior mark conflict refusals at the JPO. Visual, phonetic, and conceptual analysis from a Japanese...
image: https://www.evorix.jp/hubfs/Gemini_Generated_Image_ks7uh8ks7uh8ks7u.jpg
---

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 2026/05/23

# Article 4(1)(11): Strategies to Argue Non-Similarity in Japan

![Picture of Takefumi Sugiura – Japanese Patent Attorney](https://app.hubspot.com/settings/avatar/4ef5aa3d824852243e3f9a0ef7c7a511) [Takefumi Sugiura – Japanese Patent Attorney](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/author/takefumi-sugiura-japanese-patent-attorney)

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Article 4(1)(11) of the Japan Trademark Act — refusal based on similarity to a prior registered mark for similar goods/services — is the single most common ground for relative refusal in Japan, including against Madrid designations. This article explains the JPO's similarity test and the strategies that succeed in overcoming Article 4(1)(11) refusals.

Table of Contents

1. [How the JPO Assesses Similarity](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/article-4-1-11-non-similarity-strategies#a1)
2. [Strategy 1: Visual (Appearance) Distinction](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/article-4-1-11-non-similarity-strategies#a2)
3. [Strategy 2: Phonetic (Sound) Distinction](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/article-4-1-11-non-similarity-strategies#a3)
4. [Strategy 3: Conceptual Distinction](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/article-4-1-11-non-similarity-strategies#a4)
5. [Strategy 4: Goods/Services Restriction](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/article-4-1-11-non-similarity-strategies#a5)
6. [Strategy 5: Letter of Consent (2024 Amendment)](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/article-4-1-11-non-similarity-strategies#a6)
7. [Strategy 6: Non-use Cancellation Against the Cited Mark](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/article-4-1-11-non-similarity-strategies#a7)
8. [FAQ](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/article-4-1-11-non-similarity-strategies#faq)

## 1. How the JPO Assesses Similarity

The JPO assesses similarity from the perspective of **ordinary Japanese consumers** in the relevant trade. The test is multi-factor:

| Factor | What It Means |
| --- | --- |
| **Appearance (外観)** | Visual comparison of the mark as a whole; placement of design elements; stylization |
| **Sound (称呼)** | How the mark is pronounced by Japanese speakers (often via katakana representation) |
| **Concept (観念)** | Meaning conveyed by the mark to Japanese consumers |
| **Goods/services similarity** | Per the JPO's Similar Goods/Services Examination Guidelines and Cross-Class Similarity Codes |

Similarity in **any one** of appearance, sound, or concept may be sufficient to find similarity overall. Conversely, dissimilarity in **all three** is the strongest path to overcoming the citation.

## 2. Strategy 1: Visual (Appearance) Distinction

Effective when the marks have similar word elements but differ visually:

- **Logo / device elements:** Composite marks with distinctive logos can defeat citations against word-only registrations
- **Stylization:** Distinctive font, color, or layout
- **Length differences:** "ABC" vs "ABCDEFGH" — overall visual impression differs

Limitation: visual distinction alone often insufficient when the dominant element is a similar word.

## 3. Strategy 2: Phonetic (Sound) Distinction

The Japanese language has a smaller phoneme inventory than English, which sometimes *creates* similarities (e.g., "L" and "R" merge), but other times *preserves* distinctions invisible in writing:

- **Different katakana representation:** "MIRA" (ミラ) vs "MIRRA" (ミーラ) — vowel length distinguishes
- **Stress and rhythm:** Multi-syllable marks with different stress patterns
- **Sound count:** Marks with significantly different syllable counts

A katakana transliteration analysis from a Japanese phonetic specialist is often the deciding evidence.

## 4. Strategy 3: Conceptual Distinction

Often the most effective for marks that look or sound similar:

- **Different dictionary meaning:** Both marks have meaning in Japanese but evoke different concepts
- **One has meaning, the other does not:** A meaningful word vs an arbitrary string
- **Both meaningless to Japanese consumers:** Surprisingly, this can favor the applicant — without conceptual hook, consumers focus on visual/phonetic distinctions

## 5. Strategy 4: Goods/Services Restriction

If the mark cannot easily be argued dissimilar, restrict the specification to goods/services that:

- Have a different Cross-Class Similarity Code from the cited mark's coverage, or
- Address a clearly distinct trade channel (e.g., professional vs consumer, online vs retail)

JPO examiners often accept narrow restrictions that preserve commercially meaningful protection.

## 6. Strategy 5: Letter of Consent (2024 Amendment)

Since April 2024, the JPO accepts Letters of Consent under Article 4(4). This is a powerful tool when the prior right holder is reachable and cooperative.

Key requirements:

1. Written consent from the prior right holder
2. Demonstration that **no source confusion will result** — bare consent is insufficient
3. Factual basis for non-confusion: different trade channels, distinct logos, geographic separation, etc.

For details, see our [Letter of Consent guide](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/letter-of-consent-japan-2024).

## 7. Strategy 6: Non-use Cancellation Against the Cited Mark

If the cited mark has not been used in Japan for **3 or more consecutive years**, file a non-use cancellation action under Article 50. The procedure:

1. File the cancellation action with the JPO Trial Board
2. The cited mark's owner has 30 days to submit use evidence
3. If no genuine use is shown, the cited mark is cancelled
4. Once cancelled, the citation against your application is removed

Strategically, the Provisional Refusal response timeline is paused or coordinated with the cancellation action. We typically request a JPO timeline extension to align the two proceedings.

## Frequently Asked Questions

Which strategy has the highest success rate?

Letter of Consent (when achievable) has the highest success rate — well above 90% — because it removes the cited owner's objection. Non-use cancellation has a high rate when use evidence is genuinely lacking. Pure dissimilarity arguments succeed roughly 40-60% depending on case strength.

Can multiple strategies be combined in a single response?

Yes, and this is often optimal. A common combination: argue dissimilarity primarily + restrict goods as alternative + obtain Letter of Consent if the prior holder is approachable.

How quickly can a non-use cancellation conclude?

Non-use cancellation typically takes 6-9 months at the JPO Trial Board. We coordinate with the Provisional Refusal timeline so that the cancellation outcome can be relied upon in the response.

## Related Articles

[RELATED ARTICLE Top 5 Reasons for Trademark Refusals in Japan and How to Overcome Them The five most common JPO refusal grounds with response strategies.](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/japan-trademark-refusal-top-5-reasons) [RELATED ARTICLE Letter of Consent in Japan: Practice After the 2024 Amendment How LoC works in Japan after the 2024 Trademark Act amendment.](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/letter-of-consent-japan-2024) [RELATED ARTICLE Responding to a JPO Provisional Refusal: A Practical Guide for Foreign Counsel Step-by-step guide for foreign attorneys handling a JPO refusal.](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/responding-to-jpo-provisional-refusal-foreign-counsel) [RELATED ARTICLE Response to Madrid Refusal in Japan: Complete Guide (Deadlines & Options) What happens after the JPO issues a provisional refusal under Madrid.](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/madrid-protocol-japan-after-provisional-refusal)

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[View Service Page →](https://www.evorix.jp/en/japan-trademark-refusal-response) [Email contact@evorix.jp](mailto:contact@evorix.jp)

Related Articles

- [Responding to a JPO Provisional Refusal: A Practical Guide for Foreign Counsel](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/responding-to-jpo-provisional-refusal-foreign-counsel)
- [Top 5 Reasons for Trademark Refusals in Japan and How to Overcome Them](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/japan-trademark-refusal-top-5-reasons)
- [Response to Madrid Refusal in Japan: Complete Guide (Deadlines & Options)](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/madrid-protocol-japan-after-provisional-refusal)
- [Cost Estimate: Japan Trademark Office Action Response (2026 Update)](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/japan-trademark-cost-2026)
- [Article 4(1)(11): Strategies to Argue Non-Similarity in Japan](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/article-4-1-11-non-similarity-strategies)
- [Japan Trademark Prosecution Timeline](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/japan-trademark-prosecution-timeline)
- [Letter of Consent in Japan: Practice After the 2024 Amendment](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/letter-of-consent-japan-2024)
- [Working with a Japanese Trademark Attorney: What Foreign Counsel Should Know](https://www.evorix.jp/en/blog/working-with-japanese-trademark-attorney)

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