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List of Patent Systems Around the World

PATENT SYSTEMS WORLDWIDE

🔬 Guide to Global Patent Systems

Explanations of patent systems in over 170 countries by region — Patent attorneys support global patent strategies
through coordination with PCT international applications

🌏 Over 170 Countries 📊 List of Country Profiles by Region 🔗 PCT and Paris Convention Route Support

The Importance of Overseas Patents

To protect inventions and technologies overseas, it is essential to accurately understand the patent systems of each country. The scope of patent protection, filing requirements, examination processes, patent terms, and costs vary significantly from country to country, and the optimal filing strategy determines the success or failure of your international expansion.

This page organizes the patent systems of over 170 countries by region. Please use this information to develop an efficient strategy for obtaining overseas patents using PCT international applications (Patent Cooperation Treaty).

Two Routes for Filing Overseas Patent Applications

🌐 PCT International Application Route

A single application to WIPO provides patent application coverage in over 157 countries. Utilize the 30-month strategic window from the priority date to decide on national phase entries.

  • Advantageous when filing in three or more countries
  • Patentability can be predicted through the International Search Report (ISR)
  • 30-month strategic window (allows for market feasibility verification)
  • Early examination available via PCT-PPH

→ Details on PCT international applications

🇫🇷 Paris Route (Direct Filing)

Under the Paris Convention, file direct applications individually in each country within 12 months of the priority date. Required for applications to non-PCT member countries (e.g., Taiwan).

  • Efficient for applications in only 1–2 countries
  • Early grant of rights is possible
  • Claims drafted in accordance with each country’s practices
  • Required for Taiwan and non-PCT member countries

💡 Tips for choosing a route: The PCT is generally used when planning to file in three or more countries, while the Paris Route is typically used for one or two countries. Our firm will propose the optimal route based on your business plan, budget, and target market.

Overview of PCT International Applications (Patent Cooperation Treaty)

The PCT international application is an international system that allows you to obtain patent application effects in over 157 member countries with a single application filed with WIPO. The deadline for national phase entry is generally 30 months, and a major advantage is the flexibility to select the target countries at a later date.

→ Click here for details on PCT international patent applications

Note: Countries with blue links provide access to related explanatory articles written by patent attorneys. We plan to gradually add explanatory articles on the patent systems of each country in the future.

To protect inventions and technologies overseas, it is essential to accurately understand the patent systems of each country. The scope of patent protection, filing requirements, examination processes, patent terms, and costs vary significantly from country to country, and the optimal filing strategy determines the success or failure of international expansion.

This page organizes the patent systems of over 170 countries by region. Please use this information to develop an efficient strategy for obtaining international patents using PCT international applications (Patent Cooperation Treaty).

PCT International Application (Patent Cooperation Treaty)

The PCT international application is an international system that allows you to obtain patent protection in over 150 member countries with a single application filed with WIPO. The deadline for national phase entry is generally 30 months, and a major advantage is the flexibility to select the target countries at a later date.

→ Click here for details on PCT international patent applications

Note: Countries with blue links provide access to related explanatory articles written by patent attorneys. We plan to gradually add explanatory articles on the patent systems of each country in the future.

Points to Note Regarding International Patent Applications

📅 1. Utilizing Priority Rights

Under the Paris Convention, filing in another country within 12 months of the initial application (basic application) secures a priority date. As a general rule, the application must be filed before any public disclosure or sale.

🌐 2. Choosing Between the PCT and Paris Routes

Generally, use the PCT for three or more countries and the Paris Route for one or two countries. Make a comprehensive assessment based on your business plan, budget, and market potential.

🔍 3. Preliminary Clearance Search

We conduct prior art searches (FTO/patentability searches) in each country prior to filing to assess registrability and infringement risks in advance.

📝 4. Claim Adaptation by Country

Claim drafting rules vary by country, such as the U.S. (clarity), China (disclosure requirements), and Europe (multiple claim dependencies).

⏱ 5. Examination Periods by Country

As a general guideline, the examination period is 2–3 years for the U.S. and Japan, 1.5–2 years for China and South Korea, and 3–5 years for Europe (EPO). In some cases, this can be shortened through the PPH program.

💴 6. Managing translation costs

In non-English-speaking countries such as China, South Korea, and Russia, translation costs account for a significant portion of the total. It is important to keep the specification concise and ensure accurate translation.

🚨 Note on Economic Security: For Japanese patent applications, technologies deemed sensitive to national security (subject to non-disclosure under the Act on the Promotion of Economic Security) are subject to restrictions when filed abroad. Prior consultation and confirmation with the relevant authorities are required.

Cost Estimates for International Patent Applications

Here is a guide to the estimated costs for patent applications in major countries via the PCT (with national phase entry). Actual costs vary depending on the number of claims, the length of the specification, and the volume of translation work.

Country/Region National Phase Entry Costs (Estimated) Main Breakdown
🇺🇸 United States USD 4,000–6,000 USPTO fees + U.S. attorney fees + IDS filing
🇪🇺 EPO (Europe) EUR 3,500–5,500 EPO Office fees + Translation fees + European attorney
🇨🇳 China 250,000–350,000 yen Chinese translation fees are high
🇰🇷 South Korea 250,000–300,000 yen Korean translation fees + Korean agent
🇮🇳 India USD 3,000–4,500 Based on English specification sheet, Indian agent fees
🇧🇷 Brazil USD 5,000–7,000 Portuguese translation + Brazilian agent
🇸🇬 Singapore USD 3,500–5,000 Based on English specifications, suitable for ASEAN locations
🇦🇺 Australia AUD 4,000–6,000 Based on English specifications, Australian agent

📌 The above fees do not include post-registration annuities (maintenance fees). Since annuity amounts and payment cycles vary by country, we recommend utilizing an annuity management service.

INPIT Foreign Application Subsidy (Up to 50% Grant)

💰 SMEs and startups may be eligible for a grant covering up to half of the costs

The INPIT Foreign Application Subsidy is a program that subsidizes up to half of the costs (annual cap of 3 million yen, 1.5 million yen per patent application) incurred by SMEs, startups, and others when filing patent, utility model, design, or trademark applications abroad. Both PCT international applications and direct Paris Convention route applications are eligible.

  • Eligibility: SMEs, specified start-up corporations, universities, licensees, etc.
  • Subsidy Rate: Up to 50%, with an annual cap of 3 million yen
  • Maximum per application: 1.5 million yen for patents; 600,000 yen for designs and trademarks
  • Our firm’s application handling fee: Flat rate of 50,000 yen (excluding tax)
  • Previous approval rate: 100% (All cases supported by our firm in the most recent call for applications were approved)

→ Click here for details on the INPIT Foreign Application Grant

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: If I obtain a Japanese patent, will my invention be protected overseas?
No. Because patent rights are subject to territoriality, a Japanese patent is valid only within Japan. To protect an invention overseas, you must file separate applications and obtain rights in each country or region.
Q : By when must I file an overseas application?
To claim priority under the Paris Convention, you must file an application in another country within 12 months of the Japanese base application date (or the earliest priority date). The same 12-month deadline applies to PCT international applications. If this deadline is missed, the application may become unregistrable due to loss of novelty.
Q : What is the difference between a PCT international application and the Paris Route?
A PCT international application covers over 157 countries with a single filing to WIPO and provides a strategic window of 30 months from the priority date. The Paris Route (direct filing) requires individual applications to each country within 12 months. The PCT is more efficient for three or more countries, while the Paris Route is more efficient for one or two countries. Please also refer to the details on PCT international patent applications.
Q : What are the criteria for selecting which countries to file in?
The primary factors for selection are the countries where you plan to expand your business, market size, the location of competitors, and manufacturing bases. The general priority order centers on the four major regions: the U.S., Europe (EPO), China, and South Korea. Based on your business plan and budget, our firm will propose the optimal combination of countries for filing.
Q : Is Taiwan a signatory to the PCT?
No, Taiwan is not a signatory to the PCT. If you wish to file a patent application in Taiwan, you must use the Paris Route (direct filing). Our firm provides one-stop service for direct filings in Taiwan.
Q Does the term of patent protection vary by country?
The term of protection in major countries is generally 20 years (from the filing date) and is uniform worldwide. In the U.S., the term is 20 years from the filing date, with a regulatory extension system available for pharmaceuticals. Annual fees (maintenance fees) must be paid in each country; failure to pay will result in the expiration of the rights.
Q : How much do overseas patent applications cost?
Domestic filing costs in major countries range from approximately 300,000 to 800,000 yen per country. Costs are relatively high in the U.S., Europe, and Brazil, and relatively low in Singapore and India. Since the INPIT Foreign Application Subsidy covers up to half of the costs, we strongly recommend that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and startups take advantage of this program.
Q : How should we respond if our patent is infringed overseas?
Overseas infringement requires litigation based on each country’s patent system. Our firm collaborates with a network of local agents to provide comprehensive support, from developing litigation strategies to filing injunctions and claims for damages. We also offer one-stop support for removing infringing products from online marketplaces such as the EU’s e-commerce platform and Amazon.
Q : What is PCT-PPH?
PCT-PPH (Patent Prosecution Highway) is a system that allows applicants who have received a positive opinion (WO/IPRP) during the PCT international phase to request accelerated examination in various countries. Available in the U.S., EPO, China, South Korea, Canada, and others, it can significantly shorten the time required to obtain a patent.
Q Is a free consultation available?
Yes, the initial consultation is free of charge. Please feel free to contact us by phone (06-7777-1884), email, or through our contact form. We will provide a proposal for your overseas patent strategy and a free estimate.

Free Consultation & Inquiries

Free Consultation on International Patent Applications

Our firm handles both PCT international applications and direct Paris Convention applications. We provide one-stop support, from developing application strategies to national phase entry, responding to office actions, and managing annuity payments. For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and startups, we also offer assistance with applying for the INPIT Foreign Application Subsidy (100% approval rate).

Please feel free to contact us with any questions or to discuss your application strategy.

Business Hours: Weekdays 9:00 AM – 8:00 PM

To protect your inventions and technologies overseas, it is essential to accurately understand the patent systems of each country. The scope of patent protection, filing requirements, examination processes, patent terms, and costs vary significantly from country to country, and the optimal filing strategy determines the success or failure of your international expansion.

This page provides an overview of patent systems in over 170 countries, organized by region. We hope this information will assist you in developing an efficient strategy for obtaining international patents using the PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty).

PCT International Application (Patent Cooperation Treaty)

The PCT international application is an international system that allows you to obtain patent protection in over 150 member countries with a single application filed with WIPO. The deadline for national phase entry is generally 30 months, and a major advantage is the flexibility to select the target countries at a later date.

→ Click here for details on PCT international patent applications

Note: Countries with blue links provide access to related explanatory articles written by patent attorneys. We plan to gradually add explanatory articles on the patent systems of each country in the future.

Patent Systems by Region

🌏 7 explanatory articles on Asia

  • Singapore
  • Cambodia
  • Laos
  • Brunei
  • Macau
  • Mongolia
  • Bhutan
  • East Timor
  • Sri Lanka
  • Nepal
  • Pakistan
  • Maldives
  • North Korea

🇪🇺 Europe (including NIS countries)

  • EPO (European Patent Office)
  • Germany
  • France
  • United Kingdom
  • Italy
  • Spain
  • Switzerland
  • Finland
  • Austria
  • Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg)
  • Poland
  • Czech Republic
  • Hungary
  • Sweden
  • Denmark
  • Norway
  • Portugal
  • Greece
  • Ireland
  • Iceland
  • Croatia
  • Romania
  • Bulgaria
  • Slovakia
  • Slovenia
  • Lithuania
  • Latvia
  • Estonia
  • Cyprus
  • Malta
  • San Marino
  • Monaco
  • Liechtenstein
  • Gibraltar
  • Serbia
  • Montenegro
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Albania
  • Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of
  • Kosovo
  • Russia
  • Ukraine
  • Belarus
  • Moldova
  • Georgia
  • Armenia
  • Azerbaijan
  • Kazakhstan
  • Uzbekistan
  • Kyrgyzstan
  • Tajikistan
  • Turkmenistan

🕌 Middle East

  • Israel
  • Saudi Arabia
  • United Arab Emirates
  • Turkey
  • Iran
  • Qatar
  • Kuwait
  • Oman
  • Bahrain
  • Jordan
  • Lebanon
  • Syria
  • Yemen
  • Afghanistan
  • Gaza
  • West Bank

🌍 Africa

  • ARIPO (African Regional Intellectual Property Organization)
  • OAPI (African Intellectual Property Organization)
  • South Africa
  • Egypt
  • Nigeria
  • Kenya
  • Morocco
  • Tunisia
  • Algeria
  • Ghana
  • Tanzania
  • Uganda
  • Ethiopia
  • Rwanda
  • Zambia
  • Zimbabwe
  • Botswana
  • Namibia
  • Mozambique
  • Madagascar
  • Mauritius
  • Malawi
  • Lesotho
  • Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)
  • Eritrea
  • Burundi
  • Gambia
  • Seychelles
  • Sierra Leone
  • Somalia
  • Sudan
  • Libya
  • Liberia
  • Angola
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Zanzibar
  • São Tomé and Príncipe

🏝️ Oceania

  • Australia
  • New Zealand
  • Samoa

🗽 North America

  • Bermuda

🌎 Central and South America

  • Brazil
  • Mexico
  • Argentina
  • Chile
  • Colombia
  • Peru
  • Ecuador
  • Venezuela
  • Paraguay
  • Uruguay
  • Bolivia
  • Costa Rica
  • Guatemala
  • Nicaragua
  • Dominican Republic
  • Jamaica
  • Cuba
  • Trinidad and Tobago
  • Barbados
  • Antigua and Barbuda
  • Cayman Islands
  • Curaçao
  • Saint Martin
  • Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba

Comparison of Patent Systems in Major Countries

Country/Region Patent Term Deadline for Requesting Examination Early Examination PCT Member
Japan 20 years from the filing date 3 years ✓ ✓
United States 20 years from filing Not required (automatic examination) ✓ ✓
China 20 years from filing 3 years ✓ ✓
EPO (Europe) 20 years from filing 6 months ✓ ✓
South Korea 20 years from the filing date 3 years ✓ ✓
India 20 years from filing 48 months ✓ ✓
Brazil 20 years from the filing date 36 months ✓ ✓
Hong Kong Re-registered patents (via China and the UK) — — —

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Consultation on Overseas Patent Applications

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